Introduction

Petroleum is the most important energy source of current society, it is worth mentioning that its importance has continued to grow since its first industrial applications in the mid-nineteenth century, and has been the cause or basis for various conflicts in some regions of the world, especially in the Middle East. Oil today is so important, because it is a non-renewable natural resource that contributes to the largest percentage of energy consumed in the world, its dependence, and instability which characterizes the international market and fluctuations in product prices, have led to investigation of alternative energy, but thus far no option has been achieved that can really replace it. Hence petroleum is and will remain, at least in the foreseeable future, the global economic base.